QR codes, RFID tags, and NFC chips are merely data storage formats—
they lack inherent anti-counterfeiting capabilities.

While these technologies can enable traceability, they do not prevent duplication. Counterfeiters can easily copy both the physical label and the associated verification data, replicating even the backend system.

As a result, consumers scanning a fake product may still receive seemingly legitimate authentication results, undermining trust in these verification methods.